Charlemagne’s DNA and Our Universal Royalty – Phenomena. Nobody in my past was hugely famous, at least that I know of. I vaguely recall that an ancestor of mine who shipped over on the Mayflower distinguished himself by falling out of the ship and having to get fished out of the water. He might be notable, I guess, but hardly famous.

It is much more fun to think that I am a bloodline descendant of Charlemagne. And in 1. 99. 9, Joseph Chang gave me permission to think that way. Chang was not a genealogist who had decided to make me his personal project. Instead, he is a statistician at Yale who likes to think of genealogy as a mathematical problem. When you draw your genealogy, you make two lines from yourself back to each of your parents.

In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies, although its exact meanings.

Then you have to draw two lines for each of them, back to your four grandparents. And then eight great- grandparents, sixteen great- great- grandparents, and so on. But not so on for very long. If you go back to the time of Charlemagne, forty generations or so, you should get to a generation of a trillion ancestors. That’s about two thousand times more people than existed on Earth when Charlemagne was alive. The only way out of this paradox is to assume that our ancestors are not independent of one another. That is, if you trace their ancestry back, you loop back to a common ancestor.

We’re not talking about first- cousin stuff here–more like twentieth- cousin. This means that instead of drawing a tree that fans out exponentially, we need to draw a web- like tapestry. In a paper he published in 1. If you look at the ancestry of a living population of people, he concluded, you’ll eventually find a common ancestor of all of them.

To understand the event we must understand the cast of characters especially Jethro, Moses' father in law. Jethro, the priest of Midian. Midianites - An Arabian tribe. Nobody in my past was hugely famous, at least that I know of. I vaguely recall that an ancestor of mine who shipped over on the Mayflower distinguished himself by. Mayflower Database SURNAMES. Search billions of records on Ancestry.com Mayflower Database: Surnames. A.(1), Abbe(7), Abbott(7), Abel(1), Abell(3. 5.8 Attribute selectors. CSS 2.1 allows authors to specify rules that match elements which have certain attributes defined in the source document. Lineage society for descendants of veterans of war with Mexico. Offers membership information and forms, activities and events, programs, and historical data.

Descendants Games

That’s not to say that a single mythical woman somehow produced every European by magically laying a clutch of eggs. All this means is that as you move back through time, sooner or later some of the lines in the genealogy will cross, meeting at a single person. As you go back further in time, more of those lines cross as you encounter more common ancestors of the living population. And then something really interesting happens. There comes a point at which, Chang wrote, “all individuals who have any descendants among the present- day individuals are actually ancestors of all present- day individuals.”In 2. Steven Olson wrote an article in the Atlantic about Chang’s work. To put some empirical meat on the abstract bones of Chang’s research, Olson considered a group of real people–living Europeans.

The most recent common ancestor of every European today (except for recent immigrants to the Continent) was someone who lived in Europe in the surprisingly recent past—only about 6. In other words, all Europeans alive today have among their ancestors the same man or woman who lived around 1. Before that date, according to Chang’s model, the number of ancestors common to all Europeans today increased, until, about a thousand years ago, a peculiar situation prevailed: 2. Europeans alive in 1. European living today.

Descendants Wicked World

Suddenly, my pedigree looked classier: I am a descendant of Charlemagne. Of course, so is every other European. By the way, I’m also a descendant of Nefertiti. And so are you, and everyone else on Earth today. Chang figured that out by expanding his model from living Europeans to living humans, and getting an estimate of 3.

Things have changed a lot in the fourteen years since Chang published his first paper on ancestry. Scientists have amassed huge databases of genetic information about people all over the world. These may not be the same thing as a complete genealogy of the human race, but geneticists can still use them to tackle some of the same questions that intrigued Chang. Recently, two geneticists, Peter Ralph of the University of Southern California and Graham Coop of the University of California at Davis, decided to look at the ancestry of Europe. They took advantage of a compilation of information about 2.

Scientists had examined half a million sites in each person’s DNA, creating a distinctive list of genetic markers for each of them. You can use this kind of genetic information to make some genealogical inferences, but you have to know what you’re dealing with. Your DNA is not a carbon copy of your parents’. Each time they made eggs or sperm, they shuffled the two copies of each of their chromosomes and put one in the cell.

Just as a new deck gets more scrambled the more times you shuffle it, chromosomes get more shuffled from one generation to the next. This means that if you compare two people’s DNA, you will find some chunks that are identical in sequence. The more closely related people are, the bigger the chunks you’ll find. This diagram shows how two first cousins share a piece of DNA that’s identical by descent (IBD for short).

Source: http: //gcbias. Ralph and Coop identified 1. DNA shared by at least two people in their study. They then used the length of each segment to estimate how long ago it arose from a common ancestor of the living Europeans. Their results, published today in PLOS Biology, both confirm Chang’s mathematical approach and enrich it. Even within the past thousand years, Ralph and Coop found, people on opposite sides of the continent share a lot of segments in common–so many, in fact, that it’s statistically impossible for them to have gotten them all from a single ancestor. Instead, someone in Turkey and someone in England have to share a lot of ancestors.

In fact, as Chang suspected, the only way to explain the DNA is to conclude that everyone who lived a thousand years ago who has any descendants today is an ancestor of every European. Charlemagne for everyone! If you compare two people in Turkey, you’ll find bigger shared segments of DNA, which isn’t surprising. Since they live in the same country, chances are they have more recent ancestors, and more of them.

But there is a rich, intriguing pattern to the number of shared segments among Europeans. People across Eastern Europe, for example, have a larger set of shared segments than people from within single countries in Western Europe.

That difference may be the signature of a big expansion of the Slavs. Ralph and Coop’s study may provide a new tool for reconstructing the history of humans on every continent, not just Europe. It will also probably keep people puzzling over the complexities of genealogy. If Europeans today share the same ancestors a thousand years ago, for example, why don’t they all look the same? Fortunately, Ralph and Coop have written up a helpful FAQ for their paper, which you can find here.

Corrected Ralph’s affiliation.

Selectors Level 3. Abstract. Selectors are patterns that match against elements in a tree.

XML document. Selectors have been optimized for use with HTML. XML, and are designed to be usable in performance- critical code. CSS uses Selectors for binding style properties to. STTS (Simple Tree Transformation. Sheets), a language for transforming XML trees, uses this mechanism.

Other documents may supersede this document. A list of. current W3. C publications and the latest revision of this technical report. W3. C technical reports. TR/. This document was produced by the CSS Working Group as a Proposed. Recommendation. A W3. C Recommendation is a mature document that has been widely.

W3. C encourages everybody. Comments may be sent to the (archived) public.

When. sending e- mail, please put the text “css. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3. C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment.

This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February. W3. C Patent Policy. W3. C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in. An individual who has actual. Essential. Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with.

W3. C Patent Policy. A separate. implementation report contains a test suite and shows several. Introduction. Selectors Level 1 and Selectors Level 2 are defined as the subsets of.

CSS1 and CSS2. 1 specifications. Dependencies. Some features of this specification are specific to CSS, or have. CSS. In this specification. CSS2. 1. Terminology. All of the text of this specification is normative except examples. Changes from CSS2. This section is non- normative.

The main differences between the selectors in CSS2 and those in. Selectors are. the list of basic definitions (selector, group of selectors, simple. CSS2 as a simple selector is now called a sequence of simple selectors. Selectors. This section is non- normative, as it merely summarizes the following.

A Selector represents a structure. This structure can be used as a. Case sensitivity. All Selectors syntax is case- insensitive within the ASCII range (i. The case sensitivity of document language element. For example, in HTML, element names are. XML, they are case- sensitive.

Case sensitivity of. Selector syntax. A selector is a chain of one or more sequences of simple selectors separated by combinators. One pseudo- element may be appended to the last. It always begins with a type selector or a universal selector. No other type selector. White space may appear between a combinator and the. Only the characters.

A selector consisting of a single sequence of simple. Prepending. another sequence of simple selectors and a combinator to a sequence. The mechanism by. Selectors. If the language does not. In CSS, namespace prefixes are declared with the @namespace. Groups of selectors. A comma- separated list of selectors represents the union of all elements.

White space. may appear before and/or after the comma. If just one of these. Type selector. A type selector is the name of a document. CSS qualified. names.

A type. selector represents an instance of the element type in the document tree. Type selectors and. Type selectors allow an optional namespace component: a namespace prefix. If a default namespace has been declared, such selectors. Otherwise it is equivalent to ns. Universal selector.

The universal selector, written as a. CSS qualified. name. It represents any single element in. If a default. namespace has been specified, see Universal selector. Namespaces below. Here, div *: first- child is more readable. Universal selector and.

The universal selector allows an optional namespace component. It is. used as follows. Attribute. selectors. Selectors allow the representation of an element's attributes. When a. selector is used as an expression to match against an element, attribute.

Attribute. presence and value selectors. CSS2 introduced four attribute selectors. This is primarily intended to allow language subcode. HTML) as described in BCP 4. For. lang (or xml: lang) language subcode matching. The first selector would match, for example, an a.

The second selector would only match an. Substring. matching attribute selectors. Three additional attribute selectors are provided for matching. Attribute selectors and. The attribute name in an attribute selector is given as a CSS qualified.

In keeping with the Namespaces in the XML. Default attribute values. DTDs. Attribute selectors represent attribute values in the document tree. How. that document tree is constructed is outside the scope of Selectors. In. some document formats default attribute values can be defined in a DTD or. Selectors should be designed so that they. This corresponds to the behaviour of.

XML specification. To catch all cases. EXAMPLE . Care has to. Class selectors. Working with HTML, authors may use the . Thus, for HTML, div. The attribute value. One. such example of namespace- specific knowledge is the prose in the.

Authors should. avoid this practice since the structural elements of a document language. As of this time the working group.

ID selectors. Document languages may contain attributes that are declared to be of. ID. What makes attributes of type ID special is that no two such. ID typed attribute can be used to uniquely identify its element. In. HTML all ID attributes are named .

An ID selector. contains a . The UA may, e. g., read a document's DTD, have the information.

If a style sheet author knows or suspects that a UA. ID of an element is, he should use normal attribute. Such a situation. DOM3 Core, XML DTDs, and. Pseudo- classes. The pseudo- class concept is introduced to permit selection based on. Pseudo- classes are allowed anywhere in sequences.

Pseudo- class names are case- insensitive. Some. pseudo- classes are mutually exclusive, while others can be applied. Pseudo- classes may be dynamic, in the. Dynamic. pseudo- classes. Dynamic pseudo- classes classify elements on characteristics other than. Selectors provides the pseudo- classes : link and. The : link pseudo- class applies to links that have not yet.

Selectors provides three pseudo- classes for the selection of. User. agents not that do not support interactive. Some conforming user. For example, between the times the user. On systems with more than one.

An element may match. The target. pseudo- class : target. Some URIs refer to a location within a resource. This kind of URI ends. For instance, here is a URI. If the document's URI has no fragment identifier, then the. The language. pseudo- class : lang.

If the document language specifies how the human language of an element. For example, in HTML . XML uses an attribute called. Whether an element is represented by a : lang(). BCP 4. 7 syntax if necessary) being equal to the identifier C, or beginning.

C immediately followed by . The matching. of C against the element's language value is performed case- insensitively. The two next selectors represent q. Belgian French or German. The difference between : lang(C) and the .

The P does not match. The UI element states.

The : enabled and. The : enabled pseudo- class represents user interface. In a typical document most.

The : checked pseudo- class. Epilogue stream online with english subtitles in 2k 16:9 there. Radio and checkbox elements can be toggled by the user.

Some menu items. are . When such elements are toggled. For example, the. HTML4 selected and checked attributes. Section. 1. 7. 2.

HTML4, but of course the user can toggle . The : indeterminate.

Note: Radio and checkbox elements can be toggled by. This can be due to an element attribute, or DOM.

A future version of this specification may introduce an. Structural. pseudo- classes. Selectors introduces the concept of structural pseudo- classes to permit. When calculating the position of an element in the list of. In HTML 4, this is always the HTML. For values of a and.

For. example, this allows the selectors to address every other row in a table. The a and b values must be integers (positive. The index of the first child of an element is 1. When. an is not included and b is. In this case the syntax simplifies to. In such. a case, the +b (or - b) part may be omitted unless. See : nth- child() pseudo- class for.

See. : nth- child() pseudo- class for. See. : nth- child() pseudo- class for. The : first- child. The : last- child. The : first- of- type.

The. : last- of- type pseudo- class represents an element that is the. Same as. : first- child: last- child or. Same as. : first- of- type: last- of- type or. In terms of the document tree, only element nodes and. DOM . Blank. This section intentionally left blank. The negation pseudo- class. The negation pseudo- class, : not(X), is a.

In particular, it is not limited to only. Pseudo- elements.

Pseudo- elements create abstractions about the document tree beyond those. For instance, document languages do.

Pseudo- elements allow authors to refer to this. Pseudo- elements may also provide. For compatibility with existing style sheets, user agents. CSS levels 1 and 2 (namely, : first- line. Note: A future version of this specification. The : :first- line.

The : :first- line pseudo- element describes the contents of. It does match a pseudo- element that conforming user. Note that the length of the first line depends on a number of factors. Thus, an ordinary. HTML paragraph such as.

P> This is a somewhat long HTML. The first line will be identified. The other lines. will be treated as ordinary lines in the. P>. the lines of which happen to be broken as follows. THIS IS A SOMEWHAT LONG HTML PARAGRAPH THAT.

The first. line will be identified by a fictional tag. The other lines will be treated as. This. fictional tag sequence helps to show how properties are inherited. The first line will be identified. The other lines. will be treated as ordinary lines in the. P>. If a pseudo- element breaks up a real element, the desired effect can. Thus, if we mark up the previous paragraph with a.

P> < SPAN class=. The other lines. will be treated as ordinary lines in the.